Analisis Istinbat Kewajiban Zakat Harta atas Orang yang Berutang Studi Komparatif Mazhab Syafii dan Mazhab Hambali
An Analysis of the Legal derivation (Istinbat) on the Obligation of Zakat on Wealth for Individuals in Debt: A Comparative Study of the Syafii and Hanbali Schools of Thought
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36701/fikrah.v3i1.2453Keywords:
Wealth Zakat, Debt, Legal derivation, Syafii School, Hanbali SchoolAbstract
Zakat is the third pillar of Islam and is obligatory upon every Muslim who meets the conditions for its obligation. However, an issue arises when the wealth in question is associated with debt, leading to differing opinions among scholars regarding whether debt affects the obligation of zakat. Two prominent views emerge in this matter: the Syafi‘i school, which holds that zakat remains obligatory unconditionally, and the Hanbali school, which holds that zakat is not obligatory in all cases. The objective of this research is to examine the views of both the Syafi‘i and Hanbali schools regarding the obligation of zakat on wealth owned by individuals in debt, as well as to analyze the methods of legal derivation (istinbat) employed by each school in formulating the ruling. This study uses a library research method with a normative and descriptive-comparative approach. The findings indicate that the Syafi‘i school holds that zakat remains obligatory as long as the wealth meets the nisab (minimum threshold) and ḥawl (a full lunar year), even if there is debt, because zakat is considered the right of Allah and a form of worship that is attached to the wealth itself (‘ayn), not the individual’s liability (żimmah). In contrast, the Hanbali school holds that debt which reduces the wealth below the niṣāb threshold nullifies the obligation of zakat, prioritizing the right of the creditor based on the athar (tradition) of ‘Uṡmān ibn ‘Affān. The researcher tends to support the Hanbali opinion, which argues that zakat is not obligatory on a debtor provided that the debt is due and the creditor demands immediate repayment. However, installment-based debts, such as property loans and similar obligations, do not cancel the obligation of zakat.
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