Tanggung Jawab Atas Kerusakan dan Kehilangan Barang Gadai: Kajian Komparatif Empat Mazhab Fikih Klasik

Liability for the Damage and Loss of Pawned Property: A Comparative Study of the Four Classical Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence

Authors

  • Sahri Ramadani Institut Agama Islam STIBA Makassar, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Shiddiq Abdillah Institut Agama Islam STIBA Makassar, Indonesia
  • Arfan Institut Agama Islam STIBA Makassar, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36701/muntaqa.v2i1.2495

Keywords:

Liability, Pledged Goods, Damage, Loss, Fiqh Schools, Comparative Study, Classical Fiqh

Abstract

Pawning (rahn) is one of the contractual forms in Islamic commercial jurisprudence (fiqh muʿāmalah) that plays an important role in supporting the economic needs of society. However, in its implementation, problems often arise when the pledged item is damaged or lost. This issue raises questions regarding who should bear responsibility for the resulting loss. The four major schools of Islamic law Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali hold the same opinion in determining liability for pawned goods. This reflects the shared perspectives and legal methods applied within the Islamic legal tradition. This study aims to explore the views of these four classical fiqh schools on the responsibility for damaged or lost pawned items, as well as the legal foundations used by each school. The study employs a qualitative research method with a normative approach, which seeks to identify legal sources through textual evidence from the Qur’an, Hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him), and the opinions of scholars. The analysis is based on classical jurisprudential literature and scriptural proofs. The findings show that all four schools agree that the pawned item remains the property of the pledger (rāhin), and the pawnee (murtahin) is not liable for damage or loss unless negligence or misuse is proven. The Hanafi school considers the pawned item an amānah (trust), and the pawnee is only responsible if negligent. The Maliki school differentiates liability based on the type of item and the place of storage. The Shafi‘i school emphasizes the importance of agreement and procedural clarity, while the Hanbali school stresses textual evidence and the principle of trust. This study contributes to reinforcing fair and sharia-compliant pawning practices in Islamic financial institutions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Al-Qur’ān al-Karīm

Buku

Al-Bukhārī, Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirūt: Dār Ṭawq al-Najāḥ, 1422 H.

Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Wasīṭ fī al-Madhhab, Jilid 3. Kairo: Dār as-Salām, 1417 H.

Al-Khaṭīb al-Syarbīnī, Syams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Maʿrifat Maʿānī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj, Jilid 3. Beirūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1415 H/1994 M.

Al-Lāḥim, ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad. al-Muṭṭaliʿ ʿalā Daqāʾiq Zād al-Mustaqniʿ: al-Muʿāmalāt al-Māliyyah, Jilid 3. Riyāḍ: Dār Kunūz Ishbīliyyā, 1429 H.

Al-Lakhmī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. At-Tabsīrah, Jilid 12. Qatar: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa al-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1432 H.

Al-Sarakhsī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Sahl. al-Mabsūṭ, Jilid 1 dan 21. Miṣr: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿādah; Beirūt: Dār al-Maʿrifah, t.t.

Al-Shāfiʿī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs. al-Umm, Jilid 1 dan 3. Beirūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1403 H/1983 M.

Al-Zurqānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Bāqī ibn Yūsuf. Sharḥ al-Zurqānī ʿalā al-Muwaṭṭa’ li al-Imām Mālik, Jilid 1. al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah al-Dīniyyah, 1424 H/2003 M.

Ibn Qudāmah, Abd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. al-Mughnī, Jilid 4. Kairo: Maktabat al-Qāhirah, 1388–1389 H.

Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. Al-Qur’an Tajwid Warna Transliterasi Per Kata Terjemah Per Kata. Bekasi: Cipta Bagus Segara, 2014, h. 48.

Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqih As-Sunnah, Jilid III. Kairo: Darul Fath, 2000, h. 131.

Al-Ṭayyār, Musāʿid bin Sulaimān bin Nāṣir. Mafhūm at-Tafsīr wa at-Ta’wīl wa al-Istinbāṭ wa at-Tadabbur wa al-Mufassir. Dammām: Dār Ibn al-Jauzī, 1427 H.

Jurnal

Alexander, Ongky, Muhammad Fauzi, Ahmad Yani, dan Siswoyo. “Konsep Rahn (Gadai) dalam Islam dan Peraturan Perundang-undangan Indonesia: Kajian Fikih Muamalah.” Hutanasyah: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara, no. 1 (Agustus 2023): h. 43.

Alexander, Ongky, dkk. “Pembiayaan Aqad Rahn Ditinjau dari Fiqih Muamalah.” EKONOMI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Akuntansi, no. 1 (2024): h. 1963. Diakses 2 Juni 2025.

Amalia, Fitria Handayani, dan Isnawati. “Gadai dalam Konteks Hukum di Indonesia.” Socius: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial no. 10 (2023): h. 9.

Arifin, Bustanul dan Moh. Ulumuddin. “Aspek Hukum Gadai (Rahn) dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam.” At-Tahdzib: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Muamalah, no. 2 (2023): h. 84–96.

Purbasari, Indah dan Sri Rahayu. “Analisis Penerapan Akad Rahn (Gadai) dan Pengenaan Biaya Administrasi Rahn di Pegadaian Syariah (Studi Empiris di Kantor Cabang Pegadaian Syariah Pamekasan).” Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Islam, no. 1 (2017): hlm. 144–170.

Renwarin, Merlin Kristin, Asmaniar, dan Grace Sharon. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemberi Gadai Jika Terjadi Wanprestasi Dalam Perjanjian Gadai.” Krisna Law: Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Krisnadwipayana no. 1 (Februari 2023): h. 9.

Renwarin, Merlin Kristin, Asmaniar, dan Grace Sharon. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pemberi Gadai Jika Terjadi Wanprestasi Dalam Perjanjian Gadai.” Krisna Law: Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Krisnadwipayana, no. 1 (Februari 2023): h. 10.

Somadin, Asep Soleh. “Praktik Pembatalan Akad Rahn Perspektif Ulama Fikih Empat Mazhab (Studi Kasus di Desa Sukatani Kecamatan Pacet Kabupaten Cianjur).” Muawadah: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, No. 2 (Oktober 2024): h. 43–62.

Syamsoni, Ujang Ruhyat. “Pemanfaatan Barang Gadai Menurut Sayyid Sabiq (Studi Komparatif).” ISTIKHLAF: Jurnal Ekonomi, Perbankan dan Manajemen Syariah No. 1 (Maret 2023): hlm. 38. https://doi.org/10.51311/istikhlaf.v5i1.531.

Skripsi

Dewi, Evi Lutfiana. Tanggung Jawab Pegadaian Syariah Atas Hilang atau Rusaknya Barang Jaminan dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. Skripsi. Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, 2017.

Hidayah, Umi Nashirotul. Konsep Imam Syāfi’i tentang Ar-Rahn dan Relevansinya dengan Praktek di Pegadaian Cabang Syari’ah Subrantas. Skripsi. UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, 2012.

Rahman, Ahmad Fatur. Tanggung Jawab Pegadaian Syariah Atas Hilang atau Rusaknya Barang Jaminan dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam (Studi Kasus Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Kota Palopo). Skripsi. Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, 2020: h. 22–23.

Sianturi, Frisilia Noni Morina. Pertanggung Jawaban PT. Pegadaian Terhadap Kerusakan atau Hilangnya Barang Jaminan Nasabah (Studi pada PT. Pegadaian Medan). Skripsi. Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Medan Area, 2020.

Simorangkir, Irene Tita Nathania. Tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Pegadaian Atas Kehilangan dan Kerusakan Objek Gadai Emas (Studi di PT. Pegadaian Kantor Wilayah 1 Medan). Skripsi. Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Medan Area, 2022: h. 67–80.

Umami, Sartika. Tanggung Jawab Pegadaian Atas Hilang atau Rusaknya Objek Jaminan Gadai (Studi PT. Pegadaian Cabang Renteng Praya Lombok Tengah). Skripsi. Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram, 2020: h. 57–62.

Sari, Ratna. Pemanfaatan Barang Gadai oleh Murtahin Menurut Mazhab Hanafi dan Mazhab Syafi’i. Skripsi. Fakultas Syariah, Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang, 2019.

Rianto, Teguh. Analisis Program Bantuan Ternak Sapi Ditinjau dari Akad Wadhi’ah Yad Dhamanah (Studi Kasus Dusun Krajan Desa Sidomulyo Kecamatan Pule Kabupaten Trenggalek).” Skripsi. Jurusan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, Fakultas Syariah, IAIN Ponorogo, 2022: h. 26.

Downloads

Published

2026-01-30

How to Cite

Tanggung Jawab Atas Kerusakan dan Kehilangan Barang Gadai: Kajian Komparatif Empat Mazhab Fikih Klasik: Liability for the Damage and Loss of Pawned Property: A Comparative Study of the Four Classical Schools of Islamic Jurisprudence. (2026). AL-MUNTAQA: Jurnal Studi Islam Dan Bahasa Arab, 2(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.36701/muntaqa.v2i1.2495