Pandangan Hukum Islam terhadap Tindakan Bunuh Diri oleh Pengidap Gangguan Identitas Disosiatif (Dissociative Identity Disorder/DID)

Islamic Law Perspectives on Suicide by Individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Abstract

Suicide is absolutely prohibited in Islam based on Quranic and hadith evidence; however, the question of legal responsibility for perpetrators with severe mental disorders such as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) has not received adequate treatment in either classical or contemporary fiqh literature. This study aims to examine the Islamic legal perspective on suicide committed by individuals with DID by analyzing the concepts of reason (al-'aql), intent (qaṣd), and legal capacity (ahliyyah) within the framework of fikih and uṣūl al-fiqh. This research employs a qualitative library research method with normative-juridical, conceptual, and psychological approaches. The findings reveal three key conclusions: first, suicide is absolutely prohibited based on qaṭʿī  evidence agreed upon across all four major madhhabs and cannot be tolerated under any circumstances; second, Islamic law recognizes a spectrum of ahliyyah gradation through the concept of 'awāriḍ al-ahliyyah, whereby involuntary mental disorders can proportionally reduce or nullify legal responsibility; third, DID is most appropriately analogized to junūn mutaqaṭṭi' (intermittent insanity), resulting in graduated legal responsibility dependent on the perpetrator's level of consciousness and volition at the time of the act. This study implies the need for a more proportional and contextual Islamic legal approach in responding to suicide cases involving mental disorders in Muslim communities, as well as the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration between fikih scholarship and psychiatry in the development of contemporary Islamic law.