Penerapan Kaidah al-Ḍarūrāt Tubīḥu Al-Maḥẓūrāt terhadap Pinjaman Riba untuk Pengobatan
The Application of the Principle al-Ḍarūrāt tubīḥu al-Maḥẓūrāt to Riba Loans for Medical Treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36701/muntaqa.v2i2.3440Keywords:
al-Ḍarūrāt tubīḥu al-Maḥẓūrāt, usury, medical treatment, , ḍarūrah, maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ahAbstract
Financing medical treatment through interest-based loans has become a significant issue in fiqh al-muʿāmalāt, as ribā is explicitly prohibited in Islamic law, while certain medical conditions are directly related to the preservation of life. This study aims to examine the urgency of medical treatment from the perspective of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and to analyze the application of the legal maxim al-Ḍarūrāt tubīḥu al-Maḥẓūrāt (necessities permit prohibited matters) to interest-based loans for medical needs. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative fiqh approach through a library research design. The data sources were obtained from classical and contemporary fiqh books, legal maxims, scholars’ opinions, journal articles, and other relevant documents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and deductive analysis techniques. The findings indicate that interest-based loans remain prohibited (ḥarām) and cannot be considered the primary option for financing medical treatment. However, when medical treatment reaches a state of necessity (ḍarūrah), such as a threat to life or severe bodily harm, and no permissible financing alternatives are available, an interest-based loan may be considered as a highly restricted legal concession (rukhsah). This concession is only applicable to the extent required by the urgent medical condition and must not exceed the limits of necessity. This study contributes to clarifying the boundaries of applying the principle of necessity in contemporary Islamic commercial jurisprudence, particularly in cases involving medical financing. The implication of this research is that society and Islamic financial institutions should strengthen lawful medical financing alternatives so that urgent healthcare needs are not easily directed toward interest-based loans.
Downloads
References
Al-Qur’an al-Karim
Buku:
Al-Azdī, Abū Dāwūd Sulaimān bin al-Asy‘aṡ. Sunan Abī Dāwūd. Juz 6. Cet. I; t.t.p.: Dār al-Risālah al-‘Ālamiyyah, 1430 H/2009 M.
Al-Baraktī, Muḥammad ‘Amīm al-Iḥsān al-Mujaddidī. Al-Ta‘rīfāt al-Fiqhiyyah. Cet. I; Bairūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1424 H/2003 M.
Al-Bassām, ‘Abdullāh bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Tauḍīḥ al-Aḥkām min Bulūg al-Marām. Juz 4. Cet. V; Makkah al-Mukarramah: Maktabah al-Asadī, 1423 H/2003 M.
Al-Bukhārī, Abū ‘Abdillāh Muḥammad bin Ismā‘īl. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Juz 7. Cet. I; Bairūt: Dār Ṭawq al-Najāh, 1422 H.
Būrnū, Muḥammad Ṣidqī bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Āl, Abū al-Ḥāriṡ al-Gazzī. Al-Wajīz fī Īḍāḥ Qawā‘id al-Fiqh al-Kulliyyah. Cet. IV; Bairūt: Mu’assasah al-Risālah al-‘Ālamiyyah, 1416 H/1996 M.
Al-Dubyān, Muḥammad bin ‘Abdillāh. Al-Mu‘āmalāt al-Māliyyah Aṣālah wa Mu‘āṣarah. Juz 11. Cet. II; Riyadh: Maktabah al-Malik Fahd al-Waṭaniyyah, 1432 H.
Al-Haitamī, Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin ‘Alī bin Ḥajar. Al-Fatḥ al-Mubīn bi Syarḥ al-Arba‘īn. Cet. I; Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 1428 H/2008 M.
Ḥusām al-Dīn bin Mūsā Muḥammad bin ‘Afānah. Fatāwā Dr. Ḥusām ‘Afānah. Juz 12. t.t.: t.p., Żū al-Qa‘dah 1431 H/Februari 2010 M.
Ibn Kaṡīr, Abū al-Fidā’ ‘Imād al-Dīn Ismā‘īl bin ‘Umar. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm. Juz 1. Cet. I; Bairūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1419 H/1998 M.
Ibn Kaṡīr, Abū al-Fidā’ Ismā‘īl bin ‘Umar al-Qurasyī al-Dimasyqī. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm. Taḥqīq: Sāmī bin Muḥammad al-Salāmah. Juz 1. Cet. II; al-Riyāḍ: Dār Ṭayyibah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 1420 H/1999 M.
Ibn Nujaim, Zain al-Dīn bin Ibrāhīm bin Muḥammad. Al-Asybāh wa al-Naẓā’ir ‘alā Mażhab Abī Ḥanīfah al-Nu‘mān. Taḥqīq: Zakariyyā ‘Umairāt. Cet. I; Bairūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1419 H/1999 M.
Khallāf, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb. ‘Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Juz 1. Cet. VIII; Damaskus: Dār al-Qalam; t.t.p.: Maktabah al-Da‘wah Syabāb al-Azhar, 1375 H.
Al-Khuḍayr, ‘Abd al-Karīm bin ‘Abdillāh bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Ḥamad. Syarḥ al-Muwaṭṭa’. t.t.: Mauqi‘ al-Syaikh al-Khuḍayr, t.th.
Al-Kindī, ‘Abd al-Razzāq bin ‘Abdillāh Ṣāliḥ bin Gālib. Al-Mufṭirāt al-Ṭibbiyyah al-Mu‘āṣirah: Dirāsah Fiqhiyyah Ṭibbiyyah Muqāranah. Cet. I; t.t.: Dār al-Ḥaqīqah al-Kauniyyah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 1435 H/2014 M.
Al-Kitābī, Muḥammad, dkk. Al-Fiqh al-Manhajī ‘alā Mażhab al-Imām al-Syāfi‘ī. Juz 6. Cet. IV; Damaskus: Dār al-Qalam li al-Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 1413 H/1992 M.
Majmū‘ah min al-Bāḥiṡīn bi Isyrāf al-Syaikh ‘Alawī bin ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Saqqāf. Al-Mausū‘ah al-Fiqhiyyah. Juz 2. t.t.p.: Mauqi‘ al-Durar al-Saniyyah ‘alā al-Intarnit, Rabī‘ al-Awwal 1433 H.
Al-Muntadā al-Islāmī. Majallah al-Bayān: 238 ‘Adadan. No. 209. t.t.: al-Muntadā al-Islāmī, t.th.
Muslim, Abū al-Ḥusain Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj al-Qusyairī al-Naisābūrī. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Taḥqīq: Muḥammad Fu’ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī. Juz 3. al-Qāhirah: Maṭba‘ah ‘Īsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa Syurakā’ih, 1374 H/1955 M.
Muṣayliḥī, ‘Abd al-Fattāḥ bin Muḥammad. Jāmi‘ al-Masā’il wa al-Qawā‘id fī ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl wa al-Maqāṣid. Juz 4. Cet. I; al-Manṣūrah: Dār al-Lu’lu’ah li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 1443 H/2022 M.
Al-Qaḥṭānī, Sa‘īd bin ‘Alī bin Wahf. Al-Ribā: Aḍrāruhu wa Āṡāruhu fī Ḍau’ al-Kitāb wa al-Sunnah. Riyadh: Maṭba‘ah Safīr, t.th.
Al-Qurṭubī, Abū ‘Abdillāh Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Anṣārī. Al-Jāmi‘ li Aḥkām al-Qur’ān. Juz 3. Cet. II; al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1384 H/1964 M.
Al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb bin ‘Alī bin ‘Abd al-Kāfī. Al-Asybāh wa al-Naẓā’ir. Taḥqīq: ‘Ādil Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Maujūd dan ‘Alī Muḥammad Mu‘awwaḍ. Juz 1. Cet. I; Bairūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1411 H/1991 M.
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Al-Asybāh wa al-Naẓā’ir fī Qawā‘id wa Furū‘ Fiqh al-Syāfi‘iyyah. Cet. I; Bairūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1403 H/1983 M.
Al-Syāṭibī al-Garnāṭī, Ibrāhīm bin Mūsā bin Muḥammad al-Lakhmī. Al-Muwāfaqāt. Juz 1. Cet. I; t.t.p.: Dār Ibn ‘Affān, 1417 H/1997 M.
Al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad bin Jārīr. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī: Jāmi‘ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl Āy al-Qur’ān. Juz 5. Cet. I; al-Qāhirah: Dār Hijr li al-Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 1422 H/2001 M.
Al-Ṭarīfī, Muḥammad bin ‘Abdillāh. Aṡar Taṭawwur al-Ma‘ārif al-Ṭibbiyyah ‘alā Tagayyur al-Fatwā wa al-Qaḍā’. t.t.: t.p., t.th.
Al-‘Uṡaimīn, Muḥammad bin Ṣāliḥ bin Muḥammad. Ta‘līqāt Ibn ‘Uṡaimīn ‘alā al-Kāfī li Ibn Qudāmah ilā Awwal Kitāb al-Waqf wa Huwa Ākhir. Juz 4. t.t.: t.p., t.th.
Yusrī Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad. Fiqh al-Nawāzil li al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah: Ta’ṣīlan wa Taṭbīqan. Juz 1. Cet. I; Kairo: Dār al-Yusr, 1434 H/2013 M.
Zaidān, ‘Abd al-Karīm. Al-Wajīz fī Syarḥ al-Qawā‘id al-Fiqhiyyah fī al-Syarī‘ah al-Islāmiyyah. Juz 2. Cet. I; Bagdād: Mu’assasah Qurṭubah, 1396 H/1976 M.
Al-Zarqā, Aḥmad bin al-Syaikh Muḥammad. Syarḥ al-Qawā‘id al-Fiqhiyyah. Cet. II; Damaskus: Dār al-Qalam, 1409 H/1989 M.
Al-Zuḥailī, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā. Al-Qawā‘id al-Fiqhiyyah wa Taṭbīqātuhā fī al-Mażāhib al-Arba‘ah. Juz 1. Cet. I; Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 1427 H/2006 M.
Al-Zuḥailī, Wahbah bin Muṣṭafā. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. Juz 7. Cet. IV; Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, t.th.
Al-Zuḥailī, Wahbah bin Muṣṭafā. Naẓariyyat al-Ḍarūrah al-Syar‘iyyah Muqāranah ma‘a al-Qānūn al-Waḍ‘ī. Cet. IV; Bairūt: Mu’assasah al-Risālah, 1405 H/1985 M.
Jurnal Ilmiah:
Abdurrahman, Zulkarnain. “Teori Maqāṣid al-Syāṭibī dan Kaitannya dengan Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia Menurut Abraham Maslow.” AL-FIKR 22, no. 1 (2020): 52–70.
Alyaafi, Muhammad, dan Muhammad Raffi Andhera. “Riba dalam Pandangan Al-Qur’an dan Hadist.” Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Sigli (JSH) 6, no. 1 (Juni 2023): 290.
Firmansyah, Mumin, dan M. Hafiz Wijaya. “Pengobatan dengan Benda Haram dalam Perspektif Islam.” AL-QIBLAH 3, no. 3 (Mei 2024): 362–369.
Harun, Muhammad Safwan, Luqman Haji Abdullah, dan Abdul Karim Ali. “Analisis Prinsip Al-Darurah dalam Pinjaman Berasaskan Riba bagi Tujuan Pemilikan Rumah dalam Kalangan Minoriti Muslim.” AZJAF 1, no. 1 (September 2020): 149–163.
“Al-Ḥikmah fī Taḥrīm al-Ribā.” Majallat al-Buḥūṡ al-Islāmiyyah. Juz 10. t.t.: al-Ri’āsah al-‘Āmmah li al-Buḥūṡ al-‘Ilmiyyah wa al-Iftā’, t.th.
Islamiati, Ainun, Dewi Indriani, dan A. Hawariah. “Aktualisasi Kaidah al-Ḍarūrāt Tubīḥu al-Maḥẓūrāt pada Tindakan Anestesi.” AL-QIBLAH 1, no. 1 (2022): 105–116.
Jamalulail, Muhammad, dan Burhanuddin Susamto. “Konsep Ḍarūrat dalam Penetapan Toleransi Riba pada Efek Syariah.” Journal of Islamic Business Law 6, no. 4 (2022): 1–17.
Nurdin, Sri Kurniawaty Fazriyani, dan Dewi Indriani. “Implementasi Kaidah al-Ḍarūrāt Tubīḥu al-Maḥẓūrāt pada Tindakan Persalinan Operasi Caesar.” NUKHBATUL ULUM 7, no. 1 (2021): 119–138.
Nurtandhee, Mutiara. “Estimasi Biaya Pelayanan Kesehatan sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Defisit Dana Jaminan Sosial untuk Penyakit Gagal Ginjal.” Jurnal Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional 3, no. 2 (10 Desember 2023): 85–101.
Pardiansyah, Elif. “Konsep Riba dalam Fiqih Muamalah Maliyyah dan Praktiknya dalam Bisnis Kontemporer.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 8, no. 2 (2022): 1274.
Rohim, Ade Nur. “Dharurah and the Realization of Maqashid Sharia: Analysis of the Implementation of Islamic Legal Maxims on Emergency.” Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah dan Masyarakat 22, no. 1 (Juni 2022): 63–80.
Solida, Adila, Dwi Noerjoedianto, Arnild Augina Mekarisce, dan Fitri Widiastuti. “Pola Belanja Kesehatan Katastrofik Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Kota Jambi.” Jurnal Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia 10, no. 04 (10 Desember 2021): 209–215.
Umam, Khotibul. “Pelarangan Riba dan Penerapan Prinsip Syariah dalam Sistem Hukum Perbankan di Indonesia.” Mimbar Hukum 29, no. 3 (Oktober 2017): 394.
Situs Online:
“Inklusi Keuangan Syariah Rendah: Hambatan dan Solusi.” Sharia Knowledge Centre. https://www.shariaknowledgecentre.id/id/news/inklusi-keuangan-syariah-rendah-hambatan-dan-solusi/ (15 Desember 2025).
“Memahami Interpretasi Kriteria Memerlukan Tindakan Segera dalam Pelayanan Kegawatdaruratan.” BIIZAA.Com. https://biizaa.com/memahami-interpretasi-kriteria-memerlukan-tindakan-segera-dalam-pelayanan-kegawatdaruratan/ (15 Desember 2025).
“Ribā.” Lisān al-‘Arab, al-Maktabah al-Islāmiyyah Islamweb. https://www.islamweb.net/ar/library/content/122/3030 (15 Juni 2026).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 AL-MUNTAQA: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Bahasa Arab
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
