Relativitas ‘Ilal dalam Penilaian Kualitas Hadis
The Relativity of ʿIlal (Hidden Defects) in the Assessment of Hadith Authenticity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36701/qiblah.v5i5.3211Keywords:
‘ilal al-hadith, Relativity of ‘illah, External indicatorsAbstract
Studies on ‘ilal al-hadith have often adopted a normative and deterministic perspective, treating the presence of an ‘illah as an automatic factor that invalidates hadith authenticity. However, classical hadith criticism demonstrates a more nuanced evaluative practice in dealing with ‘illah and its implications. This article aims to examine the concept of the relativity of ‘ilal al-hadith within the classical tradition of hadith criticism and to analyze the extent to which ‘illah influences the determination of hadith quality. This study employs a qualitative library-based research method by examining classical and contemporary literature in ‘ulūm al-hadith, particularly works addressing ‘ilal al-hadith and hadith criticism methodology. A hadithological approach is applied through conceptual and comparative analysis of major hadith scholars’ perspectives. The findings reveal that ‘ilal al-hadith does not function as a deterministic variable but operates within a graded and contextual evaluative framework. The impact of ‘illah on hadith quality depends on the type of defect, its underlying causes, the degree of weakness it produces, and the presence of external indicators (qarā’in) such as mutāba‘āt, shawāhid, and talaqqī al-‘ulamā’ bi al-qabūl. This article contributes theoretically by formulating ‘ilal al-hadith as a methodological variable with relative implications in hadith evaluation, while clarifying the distinction between formal hadith authenticity and practical acceptance. It concludes that the relativity of ‘ilal al-hadith does not imply epistemic relativism regarding hadith truth, but rather reflects methodological relativity in assessing the implications of ‘illah for hadith classification and acceptance.
Downloads
References
‘Abd al-Hādī al-Murrī, Waḍḥah. “Al-Talaqqī bi al-Qabūl wa Aṡaruhu fī Taqwiyah al-Ḥadīṡ al-Ḍa‘īf ‘inda al-Muḥaddiṡīn.” Majallah al-Syarī‘ah wa al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyyah 33, no. 112 (2018).
Al-‘Ala’i, Salah al-Din Abū Sa‘īd Khalīl ibn Kaykaldī ibn ‘Abdullāh al-Dimasyqī. Al-Mukhtaliṭīn. I. Kairo: Maktabāt al-Khanjī, 1996.
Al-‘Irāqī, Abū al-Faḍl Zain al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥīm ibn al-Ḥusain ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr ibn Ibrāhīm. Syaraḥ al-Tabṣirah wa al-Tażkirah. I. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2002.
Al-Abnāsi, Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā ibn Ayyūb Burhān al-Dīn Abū Isḥāq. Al-Syażā al-Fayyāḥ min ‘Ulūm Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ. I. t.t.: Maktabah al-Rusyd, 1418.
Al-Baihaqī, ’Alī ibn Mūsā al-Khusraujirdī al-Khurāsānī Abū Bakr. Al-Sunan al-Kubrā. III. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2003.
Al-Baiqūnī, ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad ibn Fatūh. Al-Manẓūmah al-Baiqūniyyah. I. t.t.: Dār al-Mugnī li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 1420.
Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismā’īl. Al-Jāmi’ al-Musnad al-Ṣahīh al-Mukhtasar min Umūri Rasulillāh wa Sunanihi wa Ayyāmihi. I. t.t.: Dār Tauq al-Najāh, 1422.
Al-Dāraquṭnī, ‘Ali ibn ‘Umar ibn Aḥmad. Al-‘Ilal al-Wāridah fī al-Aḥādīṡ al-Nabawiyah. I. Riyadh: Dār Ṭayyibah, 1405.
Al-Fāsī, Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mālik al-Kutāmī al-Himyarī al-Qaṭṭān. Bayān al-Wahm wa al-Īhām fī Kitāb al-Aḥkām. Edited by al-Husain Ayat Sa‘id. I. Riyadh: Dār Taybah, 1997.
Al-Fayyūmī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī. Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr fī Garīb al-Syarḥ al-Kabīr. Beirut: Al-Maktabah al-‘Ilmiyyah, n.d.
Al-Ḥākim, Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdullāh. Makrifah ‘Ulūm al-Hadīs. II. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah, 1977.
Al-Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad `Iṭr. Manhaj al-Naqd fi Úlum al-Hadiṡ. III. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 1997.
Al-Ḥanbalī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Rajab. Syarah ‘Ilal al-Tirmiżī. I. Yordania: Maktabah al-Manār, 1987.
Al-Haytī, Māhir Yāsīn Faḥl. Aṡar ‘Ilal al-Hadiṡ fī Ikhtilāf al-Fuqahā. I. Oman: Dār ’Ammār li al-Nasyr, 1420.
Al-Judai’, ‘Abdullāh ibn Yūsuf. Taḥrīr ‘Ulūm al-Ḥadīṡ. I. Beirut: Mu’assasāt al-Rayyān li al-Tibā‘ah wa al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzī‘, 2003.
Al-Jurjānī, ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Zain al-Syarīf. Al-Ta‘Rīfāt. I. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1403.
Al-Khawlani, Ahmad Rashid Ahmad. “Al-Qarā’in al-Ḥadīṡiyyah al-Khārijiyyah wa ‘Alāqatuhā bimā Yufīdih al-Ṡābit min Akhbār al-Āḥād.” Mizanü’l-Hak: Islami Ilimler Dergisi, no. 15 (2022): 491–518.
Al-Mahdī ‘Alī al-Maghribī, Muḥammad Yūsuf. “Al-Qaul al-Nāhiḍ fī Bayān Tarqiyah al-Ḥadīṡ bi al-Mutābi‘ wa al-Syāhid (Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah).” Majallah Jāmi‘ah Umm Durmān al-Islāmiyyah li al-‘Ulūm al-Islāmiyyah wa al-Qānūniyyah 18, no. 2 (2022).
Al-Nasāi, Abu ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Aḥmad ibn Syu’aib ibn ‘Ali al-Khurasānī. Al-Du‘afa’ wa al-Matrūkīn. I. Halab: Dār al-Wa‘y, 1976.
Al-Nasāi, Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Aḥmad ibn Syu’aib ibn ‘Ali al-Khurasānī. Al-Sunan al-Ṣugra. II. Halb: Maktab al-Maṭbū’āt al-Islāmiyah, 1406.
Al-Nawawī, Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyī ad-Dīn Yaḥyā bin Syaraf. Al-Taqrīb wa al-Taysīr li Ma‘rifati Sunan al-Basyīr al-Nażīr fī Uṣūl al-Ḥadīṡ. I. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī, 1405.
Al-Qāsimī, Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad Sa‘īd ibn Qāsim al-Ḥallāq. Qawā‘id al-Taḥdīṡ Min Funūn Muṣṭalaḥ al-Ḥadīṡ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, n.d.
Al-Qurṭubī, ‘Abdillāh bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abd al-Bar bin ‘Āṣim an-Namarī Abū ‘Umar Yūsuf. Al-Tamhīd limā fī al-Muwaṭṭa’ Min al-Ma‘ānī wa al-Asānīd. Maghrib: Wizārah ‘Umūm al-Awqāf wa asy-Syu’ūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1387.
Al-Qurṭubī, ‘Abdillāh bin Muḥammad bin ‘Abd al-Bar bin ‘Āṣim an-Namarī Abū ‘Umar Yūsuf. Al-Istiżkār. Edited by Salim Muhammad ‘Ata and Muhammad ‘Ali Mu‘awwad. I. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2000.
Al-Rāzī, Aḥmad ibn Fāris ibn Zakariyyā al-Qazwīnī. Mu‘jam Maqāyīs al-Lughah. t.t.: Dār al-Fikr, 1399.
Al-Sakhāwī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Fath al-Mugīṡ bi Syarhi Alfiyati al-Ḥadīṡ. I. Mesir: Maktabah al-Sunnah, 1424.
Al-Suyūtī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Abū Bakr. Tadrīb al-Rāwī. t.t.: Dār Toyyibah, n.d.
Al-Tirmiżī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Isa. Sunan al-Tirmiżī. II. Mesir: Syarikah Musṭafa al-Bābī, 1395.
Al-Wādi’ī, Muqbil ibn Hādī. Ahādīs Mu’allah Zāhiruhā al-Sihhah. II. t.t.: Dar al-Asar, 2000.
Al-Zarkasyī, Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdullāh ibn Bahādir. Al-Nukah ‘alā Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ. I. Riyadh: Aḍwā’ al-Salaf, 1419.
Al-Zaydi, Muhammad Faraj. “Taḥrīr al-Qaul fī Ma‘na al-Ḥadīṡ allaẓī Talaqqathu al-Ummah bi al-Qabūl.” Al-Majallah al-‘Ilmiyyah li ‘Ulum al-Shari‘Ah, no. 5 (2021): 18–41.
Anshori, Muhammad. “Kajian Ketersambungan Sanad (Ittisal al-Sanad),” Jurnal Living Hadis 1, no. 2 (2016).
Brown, Daniel W. The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2020.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. II. London: Oneworld Publications, 2017.
Darussamin, Z. “A Genealogy of ‘Ilal al-Ḥadīth Study: Tracing the Historical Root, Gene of Existence, and Development of the Study of ‘Ilal al-Ḥadīth.” Jurnal Ushuluddin 28, no. 1 (2020).
Dewi, Ifana. “Degradasi Periwayat Siqah: Telaah Kitab al-Igṭibāt Karya Burhān al-Dīn al-Ḥalabi w. 841 H.” UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2025.
Farhanullah, Muhammad Rifqy. “Metode Identifikasi Matan Hadis Versi Salahudin bin Ahmad al-Idlibi.” Al-Afkar 8, no. 3 (2025).
Harahap, Taufiqurrahman. “Penyelesaian Nilai Periwayat Mudallis dan Mukhtalat.” Ushuluddin 22, no. 1 (2023).
Hasanah, Muizzatul. “Kedudukan Hadis Mursal Dalam Kajian Hadis.” Dirayah 2, no. 1 (2021).
Hasin, H, A K Jamilin, and M R Ramle. “Nazariyyah Taqwiyah al-Hadīṡ bi al-Syawāhid wa al-Mutaba‘at ‘inda al-Muhaddithin.” Journal of Hadith Studies, 2019.
Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Abū al-Fadl Aḥmad ibn ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Al-Nukah ‘alā Kitāb Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ. Edited by Rabī‘ ibn Hādī ‘Umair al-Madkhalī. I. Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah: ‘Imādāt al-Baḥṡ al-‘Ilmī bī al-Jāmi‘ah al-Islāmiyyah, 1984.
Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Abū al-Fadl Aḥmad ibn ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Nuzhah al-Naẓar fī Tauḍīh Nukhbah al-Fikar fī Muṣṭalah Ahli al-Aṡar. I. Riyadh: Maṭba’ah Safīr, 1422.
Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Abū al-Fadl Aḥmad ibn ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Fatḥ al-Bārī Syarḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Edited by Muḥammad Fu’ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah, 1979.
Ibn Jamā‘ah, Badr al-Dīn Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Sa‘d Allāh. Al-Manhal al-Rawī fī Mukhtaṣar ‘Ulūm al-Ḥadīṡ al-Nabawī. Edited by Muhyi al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ramaḍān. II. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 1986.
Ibn Kaṡīr, Abū al-Fidā’ Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar ibn Kaṡīr al-Qurasyī al-Baṣrī al-Dimasyqī. Ikhtiṣār ‘Ulūm al-Ḥadiṡ. II. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1370.
Ibn Salāh, ‘Uṡmān ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Ma’rifah Anwā’ ‘Ulūm al-Ḥadīs. Suriah: Dār al-Fikr, 1406.
Ismail, Muhammad Syuhudi. Metodologi Penelitian Hadis Nabi. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 2016.
Jamāl al-Dīn, Abū al-Faraj ’Abd al-Raḥmān ibn ’Alī ibn Muḥammad al-Jauzī. Al-’Ilal al-Mutanāhiyah fī al-Aḥādīṡ al-Wāhiyah. II. Pakistan: Idārat al-’Ulūm al-Aṡariyyah, 1981.
Kawaid, A. Irwan Santeri Doll. “Status Riwayat Perawi Majhul Antara Penerimaan dan Penolakan.” Journal of Hadith Studies 9, no. 2 (2024).
Manzilu Syifa, M. Iskandar Rois Shidiq, Moh. Fadhli Bin Lenceng, Khamim. “Kehujjahan Hadis La Ashla Lahu: Kajian Hadis Man ’Arafa Nafsahu ’Arafa Rabbahu.” Al-Isnad 5, no. 2 (2024).
Maulana La Eda, M. Dzul Fadli S, Muhammad Adib. “Studi Komparatif Pendapat Ibn ‘Umar dan Jumhur Ulama Tentang Berwudu Menggunakan Air Laut.” Al-Mabsuth 1, no. 2 (2025).
Motzki, Harald. Analysing Muslim Traditions. Boston: Brill, 2009.
Munggaran, Anggi Gusela. “Metode Praktis Mengetahui ’Ilal al-Ḥadīṡ: Klasik dan Kontemporer.” Hadisuna 1, no. 1 (2025).
Nur, Sofyan. “Telaah Konseptual Ilmu ‘Ilal al-Ḥadīṡ.” Al-Qiblah 5, no. 1 (2026).
Rahmawati, Fina Sabrina. “Tinjauan Historis Pembagian Hadis Beserta Macam-Macam Hadis.” Dirayah 4, no. 1 (2023).
Rizal Safarudin dkk. “Penelitian Kualitatif.” Innovative Journal Of Social Science Research 3, no. 2 (2023).
Sarbanun. “Macam-Macam Hadits Dari Segi Kualitasnya.” Ath-Thariq 2, no. 2 (2019).
Schacht, Joseph. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950.
Shodiq, Muhammad. “Analisis Kritis Metode Kritik Matan al-Idlibi: Kontradiksi Hadis Terhadap al-Qur’an.” Qolamuna 11, no. 1 (2025).
Siregar, Hendri, dan Fauzi Fahmi. Metodologi Penelitian (Sebuah Pengantar Bidang Pendidikan). I. Bantul: Jejak Pustaka, 2023.
Sultani, Hikmawati. “’Illat al-Hadis (Konsep Hingga Keurgensiannya dalam Kritik Hadis).” Pappasang VI, no. 1 (2024): 101.
Syāfi‘ī, Abū ‘Abdullāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs ibn al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Uṡmān. Al-Risālah. Edited by Aḥmad Syākir. I. Mesir: Maktabah al-Ḥalabi, 1940.
Syaripudin, Ahmad. “Metodologi Studi Islam dalam Menyikapi Kontradiksi Hadis (Mukhtalaf al-Hadis).” Nukhbatul ’Ulum 4, no. 1 (2018).
Tujang, Bisri. “Intensitas Pengaruh Periwayatan Perawi Propagandis Tasyayyu’, Syi’ah dan Rafidah Terhadap Pemahaman Bukhārī atau Sunni (Studi Analisis Terhadap Riwayat Perawi-Perawi Sahih Bukhari).” Al-Majaalis 4, no. 2 (2017).
Vera Ayu Oktoviasari, Indo Santalia, Andi Aderus. “Qath’i dan Zhanni Terhadap Pemahaman al-Qur’an dan al-Sunnah.” Innovative Journal Of Social Science Research 4, no. 1 (2024).
Yaakob, Mohd Aizul Bin. “Periwayatan al-Tafarrud dan Implikasinya Kepada Penilaian Sarjana Hadis dalam Disiplin al-Jarh wa al-Ta‘dil.” Journal Hadis 13, no. 25 (2023).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rachmat Bin Badani Tempo, Musyarrif Musyarrif
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
FOCUS AND SCOPE
EDITORIAL TEAM
